SN 2022acko: a low-luminosity SNe IIP with signs of early circumstellar interaction

TL;DR

SN 2022acko is a low-luminosity Type II supernova showing signs of early circumstellar interaction, with spectral features indicating a low-mass progenitor and confined circumstellar material, expanding understanding of such supernovae.

Contribution

This study provides detailed optical-ultraviolet observations of SN 2022acko, revealing early CSI signs and characterizing its low-luminosity nature and progenitor properties.

Findings

SN 2022acko is a low-luminosity SN II with a peak magnitude of -15.5 mag.

Early spectra show a broad emission feature near 4600 Å and transient Hα emission indicating CSI.

The circumstellar material is confined within 2×10^{14} cm, with a mass loss rate of ~5×10^{-4} M_sun/year.

Abstract

We present optical-ultraviolet photometry and optical spectra for the type II supernova (SN) 2022acko. The spectroscopic observations span phases from $\sim$ 1.5 to $\sim$ 60 days after the explosion, while the light curve was observed up to $\sim$ 300 days. The V-band peak is $-15.5 \pm 0.3$ mag, suggesting that SN 2022acko is a low-luminosity SN II (LLSN). The overall observed properties of SN 2022acko are consistent with those produced by a lower mass progenitor ($\rm M_{ZAMS} \sim $9-10M$_{\odot}$). The spectra at $t=1.5$d and $t=2.5$d exhibit a broad emission feature peaking near 4600 \AA (the ``ledge'' feature), which we interpret as blueshifted He II 4686 \AA lines arising from the ionized ejecta. Moreover, a possible flash-ionized (FI) emission line of H$\alpha$ (FWHM $\sim 1100\ \rm km \ s^{-1}$) was superposed on the broad emission component of H$\alpha$ P-Cgyni profile in the $t=1.5$d spectrum. Assuming an ejecta velocity of $\rm 12000\ km\ s^{-1}$, the rapid disappearance of this narrow H$\alpha$ emission line within two days suggests highly confined CSM within $\sim \rm 2\times10^{14}\, cm$. Assuming a spherically symmetric CSM, the mass loss rate within this radius is estimated to be $\rm \sim 5 \times 10^{-4} M_{\odot} \ year^{-1}$ based on our hybrid light curve model. The early ``ledge'' feature observed in SN 2022acko have also been observed in other SNe II, suggesting that early-phase circumstellar interaction (CSI) is more common than previously thought.