Simulating Fully Gauge-Fixed SU(2) Hamiltonian Dynamics on Digital Quantum Computers

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates the quantum simulation of a fully gauge-fixed SU(2) lattice gauge theory system using minimal qubits, developing algorithms that efficiently implement time evolution and validating results on IBM quantum hardware.

Contribution

It introduces a qubit-efficient mapping for SU(2) gauge theories and compares two algorithms for quantum simulation, including experimental validation on a real quantum processor.

Findings

Three qubits per plaquette achieve high-precision predictions.

Two algorithms for time evolution are developed and analyzed.

Quantum results agree with classical predictions at the percent level.

Abstract

Quantum simulations of many-body systems offer novel methods for probing the dynamics of the Standard Model and its constituent gauge theories. Extracting low-energy predictions from such simulations rely on formulating systematically-improvable representations of lattice gauge theory Hamiltonians that are efficient at all values of the gauge coupling. One such candidate representation for SU(2) is the fully gauge-fixed Hamiltonian defined in the mixed basis. This work focuses on the quantum simulation of the smallest non-trivial system: two plaquettes with open boundary conditions. A mapping of the continuous gauge field degrees of freedom to qubit-based representations is developed. It is found that as few as three qubits per plaquette is sufficient to reach per-mille level precision on predictions for observables. Two distinct algorithms for implementing time evolution in the mixed basis are developed and analyzed in terms of quantum resource estimates. One algorithm has favorable scaling in circuit depth for large numbers of qubits, while the other is more practical when qubit count is limited. The latter algorithm is used in the measurement of a real-time observable on IBM's Heron superconducting quantum processor, ibm_fez. The quantum results match classical predictions at the percent-level. This work lays out a path forward for two- and three-dimensional simulations of larger systems, as well as demonstrating the viability of mixed-basis formulations for studying the properties of SU(2) gauge theories at all values of the gauge coupling.