Quantum preferential attachment

TL;DR

This paper introduces a quantum preferential attachment model for quantum networks, revealing how local connection flexibility leads to distinct small-world architectures that are not scale-free, supported by analytical and numerical analysis.

Contribution

It proposes a novel quantum preferential attachment model incorporating local connection flexibility, resulting in new small-world network classes with analytical backing.

Findings

Networks are small-world but not scale-free.

Local connection flexibility qualitatively alters global network structure.

Analytic and numerical results support the model's predictions.

Abstract

The quantum internet is a rapidly developing technological reality, yet, it remains unclear what kind of quantum network structures might emerge. Since indirect quantum communication is already feasible and preserves absolute security of the communication channel, a new node joining the quantum network does not need to connect directly to its desired target. Instead, in our proposed quantum preferential attachment model, it uniformly randomly connects to any node within the proximity of the target, including, but not restricted to, the target itself. This local flexibility is found to qualitatively change the global network behavior, leading to two distinct classes of complex network architectures, both of which are small-world, but neither of which is scale-free. Our numerical findings are supported by rigorous analytic results, in a framework that incorporates quantum and classical variants of preferential attachment in a unified phase diagram. Besides quantum networks, we expect that our results will have broad implications for classical scenarios where there is flexibility in establishing new connections.