Integral modelling of weakly evaporating 3D liquid film with variable substrate heating

TL;DR

This paper introduces a weighted-integral boundary-layer model for weakly evaporating 3D liquid films with variable substrate heating, offering high accuracy and low computational cost for analyzing phase-changing films.

Contribution

The paper develops a novel WIBL model that accurately captures linear and nonlinear dynamics of evaporating liquid films with variable heating, surpassing traditional models in efficiency and precision.

Findings

WIBL reproduces growth rates and cutoff wavenumber with higher accuracy than Benney models.

Identifies a threshold between streamwise and spanwise instabilities in hanging films.

Model predicts film evolution within 6% accuracy compared to Navier-Stokes simulations.

Abstract

Analysing the dynamics of phase-changing liquid films is essential for enhancing the performance of thermal management systems. Still, direct simulation of the full governing equations is computationally expensive. To circumvent this limitation, I derived a weighted-integral boundary-layer (WIBL) model under long-wave assumptions, weak evaporation, and strong surface tension, also accounting for variable substrate heating. In the linear regime, the WIBL reproduces growth rates and the cutoff wavenumber of unstable modes with significantly higher accuracy than commonly used Benney-type models for Re<40, as compared to the Orr-Sommerfeld equations. The linear analysis further reveals a threshold separating streamwise- and spanwise-dominated instabilities in hanging films, arising from the competition between Kapitza and Rayleigh-Taylor mechanisms; the WIBL predicts this threshold accurately for small Re and inclination angles. In the nonlinear regime, with substrate heating that varies in both space and time, the WIBL model captures the evolution of free-surface thickness and temperature within approximately 6% of the original Navier-Stokes equations. Three-dimensional simulations show that a condensing film undergoes dry-out due to Kapitza instability, whereas unsteady substrate heating promotes spanwise momentum spreading, modifies wave dynamics, and prevents dry-out. The WIBL model provides a good level of accuracy at a low computational cost, enabling extensive parametric studies, nonlinear stability analyses, and the design of optimal substrate-heating control strategies.