Calibration of an Irradiated Prototype for the EIC Zero-Degree Calorimeter

TL;DR

This study evaluates a prototype Zero-Degree Calorimeter's response to high radiation levels, demonstrating successful channel calibration despite significant damage, informing future detector operation at the EIC.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed calibration of a ZDC prototype after irradiation simulating one year of EIC operation, including damage assessment and performance analysis.

Findings

Detector can be calibrated channel-by-channel after irradiation.

Signal-to-noise ratio remains above 5 even in heavily damaged channels.

Radiation damage varies significantly across the detector volume.

Abstract

We study the response of a prototype Zero-Degree Calorimeter (ZDC) detector to irradiation equivalent to 10$^{11}$ 1-MeV $n_{\text{eq}}/\text{cm}^{2}$, which matches the expected exposure after one year of operation at full nominal luminosity at the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). The prototype, which consists of 563 channels and represents about 10 percent of the final ZDC design in terms of both channel count and detector volume, was irradiated at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) with proton beams. We demonstrate that, despite significant radiation damage to the SiPMs and non-uniform degradation across the detector volume, the detector can be successfully calibrated on a channel-by-channel basis using cosmic-ray data. The damage profile, similar to what is expected in the experiment, varies by an order of magnitude or more across the detector. Even for the most heavily damaged channels, the signal-to-noise ratio for a MIP signal remains above 5. This study provides a realistic test of the system's performance under irradiation. It complements previous SiPM-specific irradiation studies and will inform the future operation of the ZDC and other detectors that use SiPM-on-tile technology.