A Comprehensive holographic Study of Proton Structure: From Spectroscopy and Form Factors to the $\gamma p\rightarrow J/\psi p$ Scattering Cross Section

TL;DR

This paper employs a holographic soft wall model to comprehensively analyze proton structure, including mass spectrum, form factors, and scattering cross sections, achieving good agreement with experimental and lattice data.

Contribution

It introduces a unified holographic approach that simultaneously describes various proton observables and connects them to measurable scattering processes.

Findings

Accurately reproduces proton mass spectrum and form factors.

Predicts the $ ightarrow J/$ scattering cross section consistent with experiments.

Provides insights into proton mechanical properties like pressure and shear distributions.

Abstract

Understanding the internal structure of the proton-including its mass spectrum, electromagnetic and gravitational form factors, and mechanical properties-remains a central challenge in hadronic physics. While lattice QCD and experimental measurements provide valuable insights, a unified holographic framework capable of simultaneously describing these diverse observables and connecting them to measurable scattering processes is still lacking. Here, we employ the soft wall model, a holographic approach that incorporates gluon condensation and linear confinement, to systematically compute the proton mass spectrum, electromagnetic form factors (EMFFs), and gravitational form factors (GFFs). Our results show good agreement with recent experimental data and lattice QCD calculations. We further derive the corresponding proton radii and mechanical properties, such as pressure and shear force distributions. Finally, using the obtained GFFs as input, we calculate the cross-section for the photoproduction process $\gamma p\rightarrow J/\psi p$. Our calculations demonstrate that the soft wall model consistently reproduces key proton structure observables and predicts a scattering cross-section in agreement with experimental measurements.