Mind the Gaze: Improving the Usability of Dwell Input by Adapting Gaze Targets Based on Viewing Distance

TL;DR

This paper introduces GAUI, a gaze-based adaptive UI that dynamically resizes targets based on viewing distance to improve dwell input performance on mobile devices, outperforming static UI baselines.

Contribution

The study presents a novel distance-responsive UI design that adapts target sizes in real-time, enhancing usability and performance of dwell input in mobile contexts.

Findings

GAUI outperformed static large UI in task time

GAUI was less error-prone than static small UI

Participants preferred GAUI overall

Abstract

Dwell input shows promise for handheld mobile contexts, but its performance is impacted by target size and viewing distance. While fixed target sizes suffice in static setups, in mobile settings, frequent posture changes alter viewing distances, which in turn distort perceived size and hinder dwell performance. We address this through GAUI, a Gaze-based Adaptive User Interface that dynamically resizes targets to maximise performance at the given viewing distance. In a two-phased study (N=24), GAUI leveraged the strengths of its distance-responsive design, outperforming the large UI static baseline in task time, and being less error-prone than the small UI static baseline. It was rated the most preferred interface overall. Participants reflected on using GAUI in six different postures. We discuss how their experience is impacted by posture, and propose guidelines for designing context-aware adaptive UIs for dwell interfaces on handheld mobile devices that maximise performance.