Dust evolution across cosmic times as seen through DUSTY-GAEA

TL;DR

This paper introduces DUSTY-GAEA, a comprehensive galaxy formation model that accurately simulates dust evolution across cosmic time, highlighting the importance of dust growth in the dense interstellar medium up to high redshifts.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel self-consistent implementation of dust processes within the GAEA galaxy formation model, successfully reproducing observed dust properties from local to high redshift galaxies.

Findings

Dust growth dominates the cosmic dust budget up to z~8.

Model reproduces dust scaling relations and mass functions up to z~6 and z~1.

Challenges remain in matching the abundance of dust-rich galaxies at higher redshifts.

Abstract

For many decades, dust has been recognised as an important ingredient in galaxy formation and evolution. This paper presents a novel self-consistent implementation of dust formation by stars, destruction by supernova shocks and hot gas, and growth within the dense interstellar medium (ISM) in the GAEA state-of-the-art galaxy formation model. Our new model, DUSTY-GAEA, reproduces well the dust buildup as a function of stellar mass out to z $\sim$ 6, the scaling relations between the dust-to-gas/dust-to-metal ratios and stellar mass/metallicty in the local Universe, and the dust mass function in the local Universe and out to z $\sim$ 1. In the framework of our model, dust growth dominates the cosmic dust budget out to z $\sim$ 8, and we find that observational constraints beyond the local Universe can be reproduced only assuming such efficient dust growth in the dense ISM. Yet, reproducing the estimated number densities of dust-rich galaxies at higher redshifts remains challenging, as found also in independent theoretical work. We discuss our model predictions in comparison with both observational data and independent theoretical efforts, and highlight how further observational constraints at high redshifts would help constrain dust models.