The Role of Affect and Priors in the Generation of Hallucinations in Early Psychosis

TL;DR

This study investigates how negative affect and stress influence hallucination likelihood and prior beliefs in early psychosis, using a modified Bayesian task to identify potential biomarkers for psychosis risk.

Contribution

It introduces an affective version of the conditioned hallucinations task and demonstrates that stress and negative affect increase prior weighting and hallucination rates, especially in at-risk individuals.

Findings

Patients show higher hallucination rates and prior weighting than controls.

Stress increases prior weighting across all participants.

Affective state influences the strength of maladaptive priors in hallucination formation.

Abstract

Background: Stress and negative affect play significant roles in developing psychosis. Bayesian analyses applied to the conditioned hallucinations (CH) task suggest that hallucinations arise when maladaptive prior beliefs outweigh sensory evidence. Prior weighting is linked to hallucination severity, yet the nature of these priors remains unclear. Negative affect may influence the strength of maladaptive priors. We hypothesized that, under stress, participants will show increased CH rates and prior weighting, with this effect more pronounced in patients. Methods: This study employs a modified CH task using valenced linguistic stimuli and stress and non-stress affective manipulations. The sample for this pilot study included those at risk for psychosis and patients with first episode psychosis (N=12) and healthy controls (N=15). The objective of this study was first to validate this affective version of the CH task and then to demonstrate an effect of affect on CH rates and prior weighting. Results: Replicating past results, patients had higher CH rates (b = 0.061, p < 0.001) and prior weighting (b = 0.097, p < 0.001) for session 1 compared to controls (n=15) across conditions. Further, runs with stress manipulations had higher prior weighting across patients and controls compared to runs with non-stress manipulations (b = 0.054, p = 0.033). Conclusions: This study validates this affective version of the CH task and provides preliminary evidence of a relationship between affective state and prior weighting. Future work will be aimed at confirming and extending these findings, with the objective of developing biomarkers of early psychosis. Key words: Schizophrenia, Affect, Priors, Computational Psychiatry, Clinical High Risk Population, Psychotic Symptoms