Searching for Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in Milky Way satellites

TL;DR

This paper discusses the importance of detecting intermediate-mass black holes in Milky Way dwarf satellites to understand their formation and the early Universe, emphasizing the need for advanced observational capabilities.

Contribution

It highlights the potential of next-generation spectroscopic facilities to measure IMBH masses and occupation fractions in dwarf galaxies, advancing understanding of black hole seed formation.

Findings

Current constraints on IMBHs are weak with fewer than ten secure detections.

Next-generation spectroscopy could detect IMBHs in the $10^3$-$10^4$ M_\ ext{\odot}$ range.

Measuring IMBH occupation fractions can distinguish between seed formation models.

Abstract

Intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs), with masses between roughly $10^2\,M_\odot$ and $10^5\,M_\odot$, represent a largely uncharted component of the black-hole (BH) population. They are theoretically predicted to form in several early-Universe pathways, including the remnants of massive Population III stars, the runaway collapse of dense stellar clusters, and the direct collapse of metal-poor gas. Establishing whether IMBHs are present in dwarf galaxy satellites of the Milky Way (MW), and with what occupation fraction - i.e. the fraction of galaxies with a certain stellar mass that host a central BH - provides one of the most incisive tests of BH seed formation models. Despite their importance, present dynamical constraints on IMBHs remain weak. Dynamical IMBH masses or upper limits are available for very few such systems, with secure detections in less than ten cases. A next-generation wide-field spectroscopic facility, capable of combining deep multiplexed stellar spectroscopy with high-resolution integral-field observations of galaxy centers, would open access to IMBH masses in the $\leq10\,M_\odot$ regime. Such an advance would make possible - for the first time - a robust measurement of the IMBH occupation fraction in dwarf galaxies. A key scientific requirement for the coming decades is to establish the observational and instrumental capabilities needed to detect or tightly constrain IMBHs in nearby dwarf galaxies, particularly in the $\simeq10^3-10^4 \,M_\odot$ mass range, and thereby enable a measurement of their occupation fraction. Such a measurement is fundamental for distinguishing between competing scenarios for the formation of BH seeds in the early Universe.