A classification of semi-equivelar gems on the double torus

TL;DR

This paper classifies semi-equivelar gems on the double torus, identifying 31 types and providing explicit constructions for each, extending previous classifications to a more complex surface.

Contribution

It extends the classification of semi-equivelar gems to the double torus and provides explicit constructions for all identified types.

Findings

Identified 31 types of semi-equivelar gems on the double torus.

Provided explicit constructions for each of the 31 types.

Extended previous classifications to a surface with Euler characteristic -2.

Abstract

A \emph{semi-equivelar gem} of a PL $d$-manifold is a regular colored graph that represents the manifold and admits a regular embedding on a surface, such that the cyclic sequence of face degrees around each vertex is identical. In [1,4], semi-equivelar gems of PL $d$-manifolds embedded on surfaces with Euler characteristic $\chi \geq -1$ were classified. In this paper, we extend this classification to semi-equivelar gems embedded on the double torus. We show that any such gem must belong to one of the following 31 types: $(4^5)$, $(6^4)$, $(4^3,6)$, $(4^3,8)$, $(4^3,12)$, $(4^2,6^2)$, $(4,6,4,6)$, $(4^2,8^2)$, $(4,8,4,8)$, $(8^3)$, $(10^3)$, $(6^2,8)$, $(6^2,10)$, $(6^2,12)$, $(6^2,18)$, $(10^2,4)$, $(12^2,4)$, $(16^2,4)$, $(8^2,6)$, $(12^2,6)$, $(4,6,14)$, $(4,6,16)$, $(4,6,18)$, $(4,6,20)$, $(4,6,24)$, $(4,6,36)$, $(4,8,10)$, $(4,8,12)$, $(4,8,16)$, $(4,8,24)$, and $(4,10,20)$. Furthermore, we provide explicit constructions of semi-equivelar gems realizing each of these types.