Quantum Reference Frames in Quantum Circuits: Perspective Dependent Entangling Cost and Coherence Entanglement Trade Offs

TL;DR

This paper explores how quantum reference frames affect quantum circuit complexity, entanglement, and coherence, demonstrating resource trade-offs and implementing these concepts on IBM quantum hardware.

Contribution

It introduces a circuit-based framework for quantum reference frame transformations, revealing how entanglement and coherence are relational resources in quantum circuits.

Findings

Frame-dependent entangling gate count defines relational circuit complexity.

QRF unitary converts local coherence into entanglement while preserving their sum.

Experimental validation on IBM Quantum hardware confirms resource redistribution and noise effects.

Abstract

The perspective-neutral formulation of quantum reference frames (QRFs) treats observers as quantum systems and describes physics relationally from within the composite system. While frame-change maps and frame-invariant resource sums are theoretically understood, their impact on circuit-based quantum information processing has largely remained unexplored. We formulate QRF transformations as circuit compilation rules and, for systems with finite Abelian symmetry described by the regular representation, derive a gate-level dictionary that maps local operations in one frame to their images in another. This yields a group-theoretic classification of gates where symmetry-commuting operators remain local, up to frame-dependent phases, while generic gates are promoted to controlled entangling operations in which the original frame acts as a control register. The resulting frame-dependence entangling-gate count defines a relational circuit complexity where the cost of a computation depends on the internal reference frame of the observer. We instantiate the framework in a three-qubit model and show that the QRF unitary acts as a lossless converter between a purity-based local coherence and concurrence, preserving their invariant sum and giving a concrete realization of the relativity of entanglement. We implement the corresponding circuits on an IBM Quantum superconducting platform, using full state tomography to reconstruct the redistribution of resources between internal frames. The hardware data reproduce the predicted conversion of local coherence into entanglement, and the observed deviations from exact conservation quantify the effect of realistic device noise on relational quantum protocols.