Rep Smarter, Not Harder: AI Hypertrophy Coaching with Wearable Sensors and Edge Neural Networks

TL;DR

This paper presents a real-time, edge-deployable AI system using wearable sensors to objectively assess near-failure states during resistance training, improving hypertrophy coaching accuracy.

Contribution

It introduces a novel two-stage neural network pipeline for real-time exercise segmentation and near-failure classification using only wrist-mounted IMU data.

Findings

Segmentation model achieved an F1 score of 0.83.

Near-failure classifier achieved an F1 score of 0.82.

System runs efficiently on edge devices like Raspberry Pi and smartphones.

Abstract

Optimizing resistance training for hypertrophy requires balancing proximity to muscular failure, often quantified by Repetitions in Reserve (RiR), with fatigue management. However, subjective RiR assessment is unreliable, leading to suboptimal training stimuli or excessive fatigue. This paper introduces a novel system for real-time feedback on near-failure states (RiR $\le$ 2) during resistance exercise using only a single wrist-mounted Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). We propose a two-stage pipeline suitable for edge deployment: first, a ResNet-based model segments repetitions from the 6-axis IMU data in real-time. Second, features derived from this segmentation, alongside direct convolutional features and historical context captured by an LSTM, are used by a classification model to identify exercise windows corresponding to near-failure states. Using a newly collected dataset from 13 diverse participants performing preacher curls to failure (631 total reps), our segmentation model achieved an F1 score of 0.83, and the near-failure classifier achieved an F1 score of 0.82 under simulated real-time evaluation conditions (1.6 Hz inference rate). Deployment on a Raspberry Pi 5 yielded an average inference latency of 112 ms, and on an iPhone 16 yielded 23.5 ms, confirming the feasibility for edge computation. This work demonstrates a practical approach for objective, real-time training intensity feedback using minimal hardware, paving the way for accessible AI-driven hypertrophy coaching tools that help users manage intensity and fatigue effectively.