A Cryogenic Muon Tagging System Based on Kinetic Inductance Detectors for Superconducting Quantum Processors

TL;DR

This paper introduces a cryogenic muon-tagging system using Kinetic Inductance Detectors designed to detect muons at millikelvin temperatures, aiming to mitigate radiation-induced errors in superconducting quantum processors.

Contribution

The paper presents the first operational prototype of a cryogenic muon-tagging system based on KIDs, demonstrating high efficiency and feasibility for integration with quantum processors.

Findings

Achieved about 90% muon-tagging efficiency.

Observed muon-induced coincidence rate of (192 ± 9)×10^{-3} events/sec.

Validated system performance with Monte Carlo simulations.

Abstract

Ionizing radiation has emerged as a potential limiting factor for superconducting quantum processors, inducing quasiparticle bursts and correlated errors that challenge fault-tolerant operation. Atmospheric muons are particularly problematic due to their high energy and penetration power, making passive shielding ineffective. Therefore, monitoring the real-time muon flux is crucial to guide the development of alternative error-correction or mitigation strategies. We present the design, simulation, and first operation of a cryogenic muon-tagging system based on Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs), developed as a stand-alone cryogenic particle-tagging module for superconducting quantum processors. The system consists of two KIDs arranged in a vertical stack and operated at $\sim$20 mK. Monte Carlo simulations based on Geant4 guided the prototype design and provided reference expectations for muon-tagging efficiency and accidental coincidences due to ambient $\gamma$-rays. We observed a muon-induced coincidence rate among the top and bottom detectors of (192 $\pm$ 9)$\times10^{-3}$ events/s, in excellent agreement with the Monte Carlo prediction. The prototype achieves a muon-tagging efficiency of about 90% with negligible dead time. These results demonstrate the feasibility of operating a muon-tagging system at millikelvin temperatures and represent a key step toward the integration of cryogenic veto systems with multi-qubit chips to mitigate muon-induced errors.