DCFO: Density-Based Counterfactuals for Outliers - Additional Material

TL;DR

This paper introduces DCFO, a novel method for generating counterfactual explanations for outliers detected by LOF, improving interpretability and providing actionable insights into outlier detection.

Contribution

DCFO is the first approach tailored to explain LOF outliers by partitioning data into regions for efficient gradient-based counterfactual generation.

Findings

DCFO outperforms benchmarks in proximity of counterfactuals.

DCFO achieves higher validity in explanations.

Validated on 50 OpenML datasets.

Abstract

Outlier detection identifies data points that significantly deviate from the majority of the data distribution. Explaining outliers is crucial for understanding the underlying factors that contribute to their detection, validating their significance, and identifying potential biases or errors. Effective explanations provide actionable insights, facilitating preventive measures to avoid similar outliers in the future. Counterfactual explanations clarify why specific data points are classified as outliers by identifying minimal changes required to alter their prediction. Although valuable, most existing counterfactual explanation methods overlook the unique challenges posed by outlier detection, and fail to target classical, widely adopted outlier detection algorithms. Local Outlier Factor (LOF) is one the most popular unsupervised outlier detection methods, quantifying outlierness through relative local density. Despite LOF's widespread use across diverse applications, it lacks interpretability. To address this limitation, we introduce Density-based Counterfactuals for Outliers (DCFO), a novel method specifically designed to generate counterfactual explanations for LOF. DCFO partitions the data space into regions where LOF behaves smoothly, enabling efficient gradient-based optimisation. Extensive experimental validation on 50 OpenML datasets demonstrates that DCFO consistently outperforms benchmarked competitors, offering superior proximity and validity of generated counterfactuals.