Finding the 3 neutrino masses using a one-phase $\nu$ emission model for SN 1987A

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that SN 1987A neutrino data can be used to determine the three neutrino masses, challenging previous assumptions and providing concrete mass values rather than just upper limits.

Contribution

The paper introduces a novel method to extract the three neutrino masses from supernova neutrino data, invalidating three common assumptions and incorporating a stronger statistical analysis.

Findings

Successfully derived the three neutrino masses from SN 1987A data.

Challenged the assumption that early LSD neutrinos are unrelated to SN 1987A.

Provided evidence against sterile neutrinos based on recent KATRIN results.

Abstract

Neutrino masses remain a significant unsolved problem in physics and their nonzero value proves the Standard Model is incomplete. Currently, the values of the three masses only have upper limits from cosmology and experiments like KATRIN. This paper shows that the SN 1987A neutrino data can remarkably yield values for the three neutrino masses, and not merely upper limits. Although this seemingly preposterous idea was suggested a dozen years ago by the author, here it is demonstrated in a much more convincing manner with many new elements, including a stronger statistical treatment, and a thorough explanation of why the method used to find the three masses from supernova SN 1987A neutrino data really works. The key to finding the three neutrino masses is realizing why three normally accepted assumptions are unjustified, The three rejected assumptions are:(a) the 5-hr early LSD (Mont Blanc) neutrinos are unrelated to SN 1987A, (b) any neutrino masses $m_k>1 eV/c^2$ cannot be reconciled with upper limits on the ``effective mass" from KATRIN and other data, and (c) the spread in neutrino emission times from SN 1987A data is too great for the method to work. A particularly crucial piece of evidence supporting the claim made in the paper's title involves a recent negative KATRIN result finding an absence of sterile neutrinos. This absence of a sterile neutrino signal leads to two tests of the claim based on existing data: one for KATRIN and one for IceCube.