The Response of Planetary Atmospheres to the Impact of Icy Comets III: Impact Driven Atmospheric Escape

TL;DR

This study models how comet impacts influence water transport and hydrogen escape in planetary atmospheres, highlighting the significant role of atmospheric circulation, especially on tidally-locked exoplanets, in atmospheric loss processes.

Contribution

It couples impact and atmospheric models to quantify water transport and hydrogen escape, revealing the impact of planetary circulation patterns on atmospheric loss.

Findings

Tidally-locked atmospheres enhance hydrogen escape due to global circulation.

Impact location (day-side vs night-side) significantly affects escape rates.

Water transport and escape are strongly influenced by atmospheric circulation dynamics.

Abstract

In an Earth-analogue atmosphere, water vapour is a key carrier of hydrogen in the lower atmosphere with its transport above the tropopause controlling the atmospheric hydrogen escape rate. On the Earth, this escape is limited by transport though the tropospheric cold trap where water vapour condenses. However, on a tidally-locked exoplanet, the strong day-night temperature gradient drives a global-scale circulation. This circulation could rapidly transport water through the cold trap, potentially increasing hydrogen escape and impacting the composition of potentially habitable worlds. We couple cometary impact and planetary atmospheric models to simulate water-depositing impacts with both a tidally-locked and Earth-analogue atmosphere and quantify how atmospheric circulations transport water from the impact site to high altitudes where it can potentially drive escape. The global nature of the atmospheric circulations on a tidally-locked world enhances hydrogen escape, with both our unimpacted tidally-locked and Earth-analogue atmospheres exhibiting similar mass loss rates despite the tidally-locked atmosphere being bpth cooler and drier near the surface. When considering the effects of a cometary impact, we find an order of magnitude difference in peak escape rates between impacts on the day-side ($\Phi_{\mathrm{escape}}=1.33\times10^{10}\,\mathrm{mol\,mth^{-1}}$) and night-side ($\Phi_{\mathrm{escape}}=1.51\times10^{9}\,\mathrm{mol\,mth^{-1}}$) of a tidally-locked atmosphere, with the latter being of the same order of magnitude as the peak escape rate found for an impact with an Earth-analogue atmosphere ($\Phi_{\mathrm{escape}}=2.7\times10^{9}\,\mathrm{mol\,mth^{-1}}$). Our results show the importance of understanding the underlying atmospheric circulations when investigating processes, such as hydrogen escape, which depend upon the vertical advective mixing and transport.