Magneton: Optimizing Energy Efficiency of ML Systems via Differential Energy Debugging

TL;DR

Magneton is a tool that identifies software inefficiencies in ML systems by comparing similar models' energy use, helping developers optimize energy consumption at the operator level.

Contribution

The paper introduces differential energy debugging and Magneton, a novel profiler that detects and diagnoses software energy inefficiencies in ML systems.

Findings

Detected 16 known energy inefficiencies

Discovered 8 new inefficiencies, 7 confirmed by developers

Applied to 9 ML systems across various domains

Abstract

The training and deployment of machine learning (ML) models have become extremely energy-intensive. While existing optimization efforts focus primarily on hardware energy efficiency, a significant but overlooked source of inefficiency is software energy waste caused by poor software design. This often includes redundant or poorly designed operations that consume more energy without improving performance. These inefficiencies arise in widely used ML frameworks and applications, yet developers often lack the visibility and tools to detect and diagnose them. We propose differential energy debugging, a novel approach that leverages the observation that competing ML systems often implement similar functionality with vastly different energy consumption. Building on this insight, we design and implement Magneton, an energy profiler that compares energy consumption between similar ML systems at the operator level and automatically pinpoints code regions and configuration choices responsible for excessive energy use. Applied to 9 popular ML systems spanning LLM inference, general ML frameworks, and image generation, Magneton detects and diagnoses 16 known cases of software energy inefficiency and further discovers 8 previously unknown cases, 7 of which have been confirmed by developers.