High-overtone ringdown fits: start time, no-hair tests, and correlations

TL;DR

This paper examines the practical utility of overtones in black hole ringdown signals, analyzing their start times, correlations, and potential for testing general relativity through Bayesian methods.

Contribution

It provides a pragmatic analysis of overtone usefulness, including start time dependence, correlation structures, and their role in testing deviations from general relativity.

Findings

No clear maximum overtone; utility decreases with each additional overtone.

Strong correlations hinder individual amplitude measurements of high overtones.

Joint overtone amplitude measurements can still test general relativity.

Abstract

Overtones are known to improve the performance of fits to the ringdown, both in numerical-relativity simulations and gravitational-wave observations. Although the overtone frequencies are a concrete prediction of general relativity, it remains an open question whether they are excited to the extent that fits would suggest. In this work, we take a pragmatic approach and investigate the practical utility of each additional overtone in extracting information from the ringdown. We look at the dependence of the ringdown start time on the number of overtones, and the feasibility of detecting deviations from general relativity in the ringdown frequencies. We suggest that there is no clear "maximum" overtone, but rather the utility of each additional overtone decreases compared to the one before. Finally, we perform Bayesian parameter estimation (as opposed to least-squares fits) to obtain posterior distributions on the overtone amplitudes and phases, allowing us to investigate their correlation structure. Due to strong correlations it becomes increasingly hard to measure individual amplitudes and phases for the highest overtones. However, we find that the joint measurement of overtone amplitudes (i.e., the correlation structure itself) is sensitive to the frequencies and decay times of even the highest overtones, possibly offering an avenue to perform consistency tests with general relativity.