OSM+: Billion-Level OpenStreetMap Dataset for City-wide Experiments

TL;DR

OSM+ is a billion-vertex global road network dataset derived from OpenStreetMap, enabling scalable city-wide experiments in traffic prediction, boundary detection, and policy control.

Contribution

The paper introduces OSM+, a large-scale, accessible, and structured road network dataset with tools for multimodal data integration, addressing scalability and benchmarking gaps in graph learning.

Findings

OSM+ contains 1 billion vertices, enabling large-scale city experiments.

Constructed new benchmarks for traffic prediction across 31 cities.

Released datasets for multi-agent traffic policy control in six cities.

Abstract

Road network data provides rich information about cities, but processing worldwide OpenStreetMap (OSM) data is computationally intensive, and the resulting graphs are often difficult to unify for benchmarking downstream tasks. Existing graph learning benchmarks fail to capture the billion-scale and unique topological properties of real-world road networks, leaving model scalability underexplored. To close this gap, we process OSM data with distributed cloud computing using 5,000 cores and release \textbf{OSM+}, a structured worldwide 1-billion-vertex road network graph dataset designed for high accessibility and usability. OSM+ is open source and globally downloadable, providing an open-box graph structure and an easy spatial query interface; the evaluated release is a fixed snapshot for reproducibility, with a versioned update plan for future releases. We demonstrate the utility of OSM+ through three illustrative use cases: city boundary detection, traffic prediction, and traffic policy control. For traffic prediction, we construct a new 31-city benchmark by processing traffic data and combining it with OSM+, enabling broader spatial coverage and more comprehensive evaluation than commonly used datasets, while scaling from hundreds of road network intersections to thousands. For traffic policy control, we release a new six-city dataset at a much larger scale, introducing challenges for thousand-scale multi-agent coordination. We also provide data processing tools for integrating multimodal spatial-temporal data with OSM+ for geospatial foundation model training, thereby expediting the discovery of compelling scientific insights.