Building Capacity for Artificial Intelligence in Africa: A Cross-Country Survey of Challenges and Governance Pathways

TL;DR

This paper surveys AI education and workforce development in five African countries, highlighting recognition of AI's importance but identifying significant barriers like infrastructure, funding, and governance that limit equitable access and practical training.

Contribution

It provides empirical insights into the challenges and governance pathways for AI capacity building in Africa through cross-country survey data.

Findings

Limited engagement in AI training and resources

Financial, infrastructural, and policy barriers hinder participation

Industry partnerships and inclusive governance are key enablers

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming education and the workforce, but access to AI learning opportunities in Africa remains uneven. With rapid demographic shifts and growing labour market pressures, AI has become a strategic development priority, making the demand for relevant skills more urgent. This study investigates how universities and industries engage in shaping AI education and workforce preparation, drawing on survey responses from five African countries (Ghana, Namibia, Rwanda, Kenya and Zambia). The findings show broad recognition of AI importance but limited evidence of consistent engagement, practical training, or equitable access to resources. Most respondents who rated the AI component of their curriculum as very relevant reported being well prepared for jobs, but financial barriers, poor infrastructure, and weak communication limit participation, especially among students and underrepresented groups. Respondents highlighted internships, industry partnerships, and targeted support mechanisms as critical enablers, alongside the need for inclusive governance frameworks. The results showed both the growing awareness of AI's potential and the structural gaps that hinder its translation into workforce capacity. Strengthening university-industry collaboration and addressing barriers of access, funding, and policy are central to ensuring that AI contributes to equitable and sustainable development across the continent.