Microwave electrometry with quantum-limited resolutions in a Rydberg atom array

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates a quantum electrometry technique using Rydberg atom arrays that surpasses classical limits in sensitivity, response time, and spatial resolution, enabling advanced electromagnetic field imaging.

Contribution

It introduces a method employing Rydberg atoms in optical tweezers for microwave sensing with quantum-limited sensitivity and unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.

Findings

Achieves 13% of the standard quantum limit in sensitivity

Response time exceeds the Chu limit by over 11 orders of magnitude

Provides near-field mapping with {bc} spatial resolution

Abstract

Microwave (MW) field sensing is foundational to modern technology, yet its evolution, reliant on classical antennas, is constrained by fundamental physical limits on field, temporal, and spatial resolutions. Here, we demonstrate an MW electrometry that simultaneously surpasses these constraints by using individual Rydberg atoms in an optical tweezer array as coherent sensors. This approach achieves a field sensitivity within 13% of the standard quantum limit, a response time that exceeds the Chu limit by more than 11 orders of magnitude, and in-situ near-field mapping with {\lambda}/3000 spatial resolution. This work establishes Rydberg-atom arrays as a powerful platform that unites quantum-limited sensitivity, nanosecond-scale response time, and sub-micrometer resolution, opening new avenues in quantum metrology and precision electromagnetic field imaging.