E3AD: An Emotion-Aware Vision-Language-Action Model for Human-Centric End-to-End Autonomous Driving

TL;DR

This paper introduces E3AD, an emotion-aware vision-language-action model for autonomous driving that incorporates emotional understanding to improve human-centric driving and passenger comfort.

Contribution

It proposes a novel VLA framework with emotion modeling and spatial reasoning, enhancing autonomous driving with emotional awareness and human-like cognition.

Findings

Improves visual grounding and waypoint planning accuracy.

Achieves state-of-the-art VAD correlation for emotion estimation.

Enhances human-aligned driving and passenger comfort.

Abstract

End-to-end autonomous driving (AD) systems increasingly adopt vision-language-action (VLA) models, yet they typically ignore the passenger's emotional state, which is central to comfort and AD acceptance. We introduce Open-Domain End-to-End (OD-E2E) autonomous driving, where an autonomous vehicle (AV) must interpret free-form natural-language commands, infer the emotion, and plan a physically feasible trajectory. We propose E3AD, an emotion-aware VLA framework that augments semantic understanding with two cognitively inspired components: a continuous Valenc-Arousal-Dominance (VAD) emotion model that captures tone and urgency from language, and a dual-pathway spatial reasoning module that fuses egocentric and allocentric views for human-like spatial cognition. A consistency-oriented training scheme, combining modality pretraining with preference-based alignment, further enforces coherence between emotional intent and driving actions. Across real-world datasets, E3AD improves visual grounding and waypoint planning and achieves state-of-the-art (SOTA) VAD correlation for emotion estimation. These results show that injecting emotion into VLA-style driving yields more human-aligned grounding, planning, and human-centric feedback.