A bottleneck for star formation: the importance of magnetic fields during the formation of cold gas in galaxies

TL;DR

This study uses high-resolution simulations of a dwarf galaxy to demonstrate that magnetic fields significantly influence the formation and properties of cold gas in the interstellar medium, affecting star formation processes.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed quantification of magnetic field importance across different ISM phases during cold gas formation in galaxies.

Findings

Magnetic fields dominate in 45.2% of thermally unstable gas.

Magnetic influence is significant in 66.1% of cold neutral medium.

39.8% of molecular gas mass is magnetically dominated.

Abstract

Using a high-resolution simulation of a dwarf galaxy, we quantify the energetic importance of magnetic fields within the different phases of its interstellar medium (ISM) on parsec scales. We show that, whilst overall the magnetic field is only energetically dominant for a small fraction of the ISM, it becomes important in the thermally unstable regime (45.2% of the mass is magnetically dominated), and in the majority of the cold neutral medium (66.1% of the mass). In the molecular gas, the magnetic field dominates more of the total mass budget (39.8%) than thermal energy, turbulent kinetic energy, or gas self-gravitating potential energy. However, much of this gas will be CO-dark. This suggests that magnetic forces are non-negligible during the formation of cold dense gas, which will slow its collapse and lead to an increase in the fraction of cold atomic, and molecular gas in the ISM. Consequently, star-forming clouds may be surrounded by a larger reservoir of cold gas than would otherwise be expected.