Non-solitary wave response generated by "soft" striker impact on strongly nonlinear weakly dissipative granular chains

TL;DR

This study experimentally investigates how the duration of impact pulses influences wave responses in strongly nonlinear, weakly dissipative granular chains, revealing that soft impacts produce shock-like waves instead of solitary trains.

Contribution

First experimental analysis showing the effect of impact pulse ramp time on wave type in nonlinear granular chains, highlighting the transition from solitary waves to shock-like waves.

Findings

Soft impacts generate shock-like waves over long distances.

Hard impacts produce trains of solitary waves.

Pulse ramp time critically affects wave response type.

Abstract

It is well known that striker impact on strongly nonlinear, non-dissipative or weakly dissipative granular chains assembled from spheres (or cylinders with flat ends and spheres) having similar masses results in strongly nonlinear Nesterenko solitary waves on a very short distance from the impacted end. This paper presents the first experimental results on the nature of the wave response excited by striker impact on strongly nonlinear weakly dissipative discrete chains assembled from cylinders with flat ends and spheres having similar masses depending on the ramp time of the incoming pulse. Variation of the pulse ramp time was accomplished using "hard" and "soft" striker impact. In the case of "hard" impact, the incoming pulse with relatively short ramp time was split into Nesterenko solitary waves after traveling about 20 particles as in previous publications. The "soft" impact by the same striker with the same velocity was achieved by placing a small mass PTFE spherical particle inside a PTFE O-ring at the top of the first cylinder resulting in significantly longer ramp time of incoming pulse. The incoming pulse generated by "soft" impact did not split into a train of solitary waves despite the initial steepening of the leading front due to strong nonlinearity. Instead, it traveled as a shock-like stress wave a long distance of 131 particles. Thus, the generation of a train of solitary waves or shock-like stress wave in a weakly dissipative, strongly nonlinear discrete chain depends on the duration of the incoming pulse ramp. Ramping incoming pulse resulted in dramatic decrease of shock-like stress wave amplitude in comparison with amplitude of the leading solitary wave in case of "hard" impact.