Cauchy data for multiple collapsing boson stars

TL;DR

This paper constructs initial data for the Einstein-Maxwell-Klein-Gordon system that leads to the formation of multiple black holes from boson stars, extending previous vacuum results to a more complex matter system.

Contribution

It introduces a method to generate initial conditions for multiple boson stars that evolve into spacetimes with several trapped surfaces, advancing understanding of black hole formation in coupled field systems.

Findings

Initial data for multiple boson stars constructed

Spacetimes evolve to contain multiple trapped surfaces

Extension of vacuum results to EMKG system

Abstract

We construct Cauchy initial data for the Einstein-Maxwell-Klein-Gordon (EMKG) system, which evolves in finite time into spacetimes containing multiple trapped surfaces. From a physical perspective, this corresponds to preparing multiple well-separated boson stars, each of which collapses to form a spacelike black hole region. In particular, this extends the result of the second and third named authors on the formation of multiple trapped surfaces in vacuum to the EMKG system.