Transient laser-induced periodic surface structures revealed by time-resolved EUV diffuse scattering

TL;DR

This study uncovers transient surface displacement patterns caused by femtosecond laser pulses, observed via time-resolved EUV scattering, revealing a universal phenomenon related to thermal expansion and surface roughness effects.

Contribution

The paper demonstrates the formation of transient laser-induced surface structures below damage threshold using time-resolved EUV scattering, providing a new understanding of ultrafast surface dynamics.

Findings

Transient surface displacement patterns dissipate within hundreds of picoseconds.

Patterns are caused by thermal expansion modulated by surface roughness.

Universal phenomenon observed on strongly absorbing materials under ultrafast laser irradiation.

Abstract

The formation of permanent laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on solid surfaces under impulsive laser irradiation above the damage threshold has been subject of extensive research. We demonstrate the formation of transient surface displacement patterns under femtosecond laser irradiation at fluences well below this threshold. Time-resolved extreme ultraviolet scattering measurements reveal distinct reciprocal-space features similar to those observed for permanent LIPSS but dissipating on the hundreds-of-picoseconds time scale. We show that the transient surface displacement patterns responsible for these features are produced via thermal expansion by the spatial modulation of absorbed laser intensity caused by scattering of the laser radiation by surface roughness and present a model accounting for the experimental observations. We suggest that our experiment revealed a universal phenomenon that will be observed on any strongly absorbing material under ultrafast laser irradiation.