LPWAN based IoT Architecture for Distributed Energy Monitoring in Deep Indoor Environments

TL;DR

This paper evaluates LPWAN technologies for underground energy monitoring and proposes a hybrid IoT architecture combining multiple LPWANs with an abstraction layer for optimized coverage and cost.

Contribution

It introduces a novel hybrid IoT architecture using multiple LPWAN technologies with an abstraction layer for improved underground energy monitoring.

Findings

LoRaWAN and NB-IoT show superior building penetration.

The hybrid architecture enhances coverage and reduces costs.

MQTT-based message communication enables flexible data handling.

Abstract

Continuous energy monitoring is essential for identifying potential savings and predicting the energy requirements of buildings. Energy meters are often located in underground spaces that are difficult to reach with wireless technology. This paper presents an experimental study comparing different Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) technologies in terms of building penetration and radio coverage. The technologies Low Power Long Range Wide Area Networks (LoRaWAN), Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT), Sigfox 0G and Wireless Smart Ubiquitous Networks (Wi-SUN) are evaluated experimentally. It also proposes a distributed hybrid IoT architecture that combines multiple LPWAN technologies using an abstraction layer to optimize cost and coverage. Communication is message-based using the publish-subscribe messaging pattern. It is implemented using the MQTT protocol. The abstraction layer decodes the proprietary binary data and converts it to a normalized JSON format.