Beyond Size and Growth: Rethinking Lung Cancer Screening with AI Based Nodule Detection and Diagnosis

TL;DR

This paper introduces an integrated AI system for lung nodule detection and malignancy assessment from low dose CT scans, outperforming traditional size and growth-based screening methods and enabling earlier diagnosis.

Contribution

The novel AI framework combines detection and diagnosis in a unified model, improving early lung cancer detection and redefining clinical evaluation criteria.

Findings

Achieved an AUC of 0.98 internally and 0.945 externally.

Outperformed radiologists and existing AI models in accuracy.

Enabled malignancy assessment up to one year earlier than radiologists.

Abstract

Early detection of malignant lung nodules remains constrained by size and growth based screening criteria, often delaying diagnosis. We present an integrated AI system that jointly performs nodule detection and malignancy assessment directly at the nodule level from low dose CT scans, within a unified CADe/CADx framework. Unlike conventional pipelines separating detection and diagnosis, our approach targets malignant nodules directly, redefining evaluation at the point where clinical decisions are made. To address limitations in dataset scale and explainability, the system consists of a Large Ensemble Model (LEM) combining ensembles of shallow deep learning and feature based models. It was trained and evaluated on 25,709 scans with 69,449 annotated nodules, with external validation on an independent cohort. It achieved an AUC of 0.98 internally and 0.945 externally, outperforming all growth based metrics, Lung RADS size based triage, European volume and VDT based screening criteria, radiologists, and leading AI models. The model maintains high sensitivity at low false positive rates, excels for small and early stage cancers, and enables malignancy assessment up to one year earlier than radiologists for indeterminate and slow growing nodules. This approach has the potential to streamline lung cancer screening workflows and support earlier, more actionable clinical decision making.