Refined Bayesian Optimization for Efficient Beam Alignment in Intelligent Indoor Wireless Environments

TL;DR

This paper introduces a Refined Bayesian Optimization framework that significantly improves beam alignment efficiency and accuracy in indoor wireless environments by reducing probing overhead and adapting to multipath effects.

Contribution

The paper proposes a novel R-BO method that exploits the structure of mmWave patterns and adaptively refines beam alignment, outperforming traditional exhaustive search methods.

Findings

97.7% beam-alignment accuracy within 10 degrees

Less than 0.3 dB average power loss

88% reduction in probing overhead

Abstract

Future intelligent indoor wireless environments require fast and reliable beam alignment to sustain high-throughput links under mobility and blockage. Exhaustive beam training achieves optimal performance but is prohibitively costly. In indoor settings, dense scatterers and transceiver hardware imperfections introduce multipath and sidelobe leakage, producing measurable power across multiple angles and reducing the effectiveness of outdoor-oriented alignment algorithms. This paper presents a Refined Bayesian Optimization (R-BO) framework that exploits the inherent structure of mmWave transceiver patterns, where received power gradually increases as the transmit and receive beams converge toward the optimum. R-BO integrates a Gaussian Process (GP) surrogate with a Matern kernel and an Expected Improvement (EI) acquisition function, followed by a localized refinement around the predicted optimum. The GP hyperparameters are re-optimized online to adapt to irregular variations in the measured angular power field caused by reflections and sidelobe leakage. Experiments across 43 receiver positions in an indoor laboratory demonstrate 97.7% beam-alignment accuracy within 10 degrees, less than 0.3 dB average loss, and an 88% reduction in probing overhead compared to exhaustive search. These results establish R-BO as an efficient and adaptive beam-alignment solution for real-time intelligent indoor wireless environments.