Maritime Activities Observed Through Open-Access Positioning Data: Moving and Stationary Vessels in the Baltic Sea

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that open-access AIS data can accurately reconstruct vessel activity patterns in the Baltic Sea, providing valuable insights into maritime traffic with limited data quality and coverage.

Contribution

We introduce methods for data cleansing and vessel activity reconstruction from open AIS data, enabling detailed traffic analysis and port activity identification in the Baltic Sea.

Findings

Over 4000 vessels operate simultaneously in the Baltic Sea.

More than 300 vessels enter or leave daily.

Results align within 20% of proprietary data-based studies.

Abstract

Understanding past and present maritime activity patterns is critical for navigation safety, environmental assessment, and commercial operations. An increasing number of services now openly provide positioning data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) via ground-based receivers. We show that coastal vessel activity can be reconstructed from open access data with high accuracy, even with limited data quality and incomplete receiver coverage. For three months of open AIS data in the Baltic Sea from August to October 2024, we present (i) cleansing and reconstruction methods to improve the data quality, and (ii) a journey model that converts AIS message data into vessel counts, traffic estimates, and spatially resolved vessel density at a resolution of $\sim$400 m. Vessel counts are provided, along with their uncertainties, for both moving and stationary activity. Vessel density maps also enable the identification of port locations, and we infer the most crowded and busiest coastal areas in the Baltic Sea. We find that on average, $\gtrsim$4000 vessels simultaneously operate in the Baltic Sea, and more than 300 vessels enter or leave the area each day. Our results agree within 20\% with previous studies relying on proprietary data.