Anomalous scaling and phase transition in large deviations of dynamical observables of stationary Gaussian processes

TL;DR

This paper investigates large deviations in dynamical observables of stationary Gaussian processes, revealing anomalous scaling and phase transitions that depend on correlation properties, with implications for understanding rare events in complex systems.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed analysis of anomalous scaling and dynamical phase transitions in large deviations of Gaussian processes, extending previous findings to long-correlated cases and identifying the conditions for phase transition disappearance.

Findings

Anomalous scaling with exponents less than 1 for short-correlated processes.

First-order dynamical phase transition in the rate function.

Disappearance of the phase transition for long-range correlations with <2/n.

Abstract

We study large deviations, over a long time window $T \to \infty$, of the dynamical observables $A_n = \int_{0}^{T} x^n(t) dt$, $n=3,4,\dots$, where $x(t)$ is a centered stationary Gaussian process in continuous time. We show that, for short-correlated processes the probability density of $A_n$ exhibits an anomalous scaling $P(A_n,T) \sim \exp[-T^{\mu} f_n(\Delta A_n T^{-\nu})]$ at $T\to \infty$ while keeping $\Delta A_n T^{-\nu}$ constant. Here $\Delta A_n$ is the deviation of $A_n$ from its ensemble average. The anomalous exponents $\mu$ and $\nu$ depend on $n$ and are smaller than $1$, whereas the rate function $f_n(z)$ exhibits a first-order dynamical phase transition (DPT) which resembles condensation transitions observed in many systems. The same type of anomaly and DPT, with the same $\mu$ and $\nu$, was previously uncovered for the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process - the only stationary Gaussian process which is also Markovian. We also uncover an anomalous behavior and a similar DPT in the long-correlated Gaussian processes. However, the anomalous exponents $\mu$ and $\nu$ are determined in this case not only by $n$ but also by the power-law long-time decay $\sim |t|^{-\alpha}$ of the covariance. The different anomalous scaling behavior is a consequence of a faster-than-linear scaling with $T$ of the variance of $A_n$. Finally, for sufficiently long-ranged correlations, $\alpha<2/n$, the DPT disappears, giving way to a smooth crossover between the regions of typical, Gaussian fluctuations and large deviations. The basic mechanism behind the DPT is the existence of strongly localized optimal paths of the process conditioned on very large $A_n$ and coexistence between the localized and delocalized paths of the conditioned process. Our theoretical predictions are corroborated by replica-exchange Wang-Landau simulations where we could probe probability densities down to $10^{-200}$.