EoS-FM: Can an Ensemble of Specialist Models act as a Generalist Feature Extractor?

TL;DR

This paper introduces EoS-FM, an efficient ensemble of specialist models for remote sensing that acts as a generalist feature extractor, reducing resource needs and enabling collaborative training.

Contribution

It proposes a modular ensemble framework with lightweight specialists for scalable, interpretable, and resource-efficient remote sensing foundation models.

Findings

Achieves strong performance with lightweight specialists

Supports federated training and continuous specialist integration

Reduces computational and data resource requirements

Abstract

Recent advances in foundation models have shown great promise in domains such as natural language processing and computer vision, and similar efforts are now emerging in the Earth Observation community. These models aim to generalize across tasks with limited supervision, reducing the need for training separate models for each task. However, current strategies, which largely focus on scaling model size and dataset volume, require prohibitive computational and data resources, limiting accessibility to only a few large institutions. Moreover, this paradigm of ever-larger models stands in stark contrast with the principles of sustainable and environmentally responsible AI, as it leads to immense carbon footprints and resource inefficiency. In this work, we present a novel and efficient alternative: an Ensemble-of-Specialists framework for building Remote Sensing Foundation Models (RSFMs). Our method decomposes the training process into lightweight, task-specific ConvNeXtV2 specialists that can be frozen and reused. This modular approach offers strong advantages in efficiency, interpretability, and extensibility. Moreover, it naturally supports federated training, pruning, and continuous specialist integration, making it particularly well-suited for collaborative and resource-constrained settings. Our framework sets a new direction for building scalable and efficient RSFMs. All codes and pretrained models are available on the public repo at https://github.com/pierreadorni/EoS-FM .