Metastability in the Dissipative Quantum Rabi Model

TL;DR

This paper investigates how weak spin relaxation affects the stability of the superradiant phase in the dissipative quantum Rabi model, revealing that it induces metastability and finite lifetimes of symmetry-breaking states.

Contribution

It demonstrates that weak spin relaxation causes the superradiant phase to become metastable, providing a detailed analysis of the mechanisms and lifetimes involved.

Findings

Weak spin relaxation induces metastability of the superradiant phase.

Symmetry-breaking states have finite lifetimes due to spin jumps.

Finite-size scaling extrapolates results to the thermodynamic limit.

Abstract

The dissipative quantum Rabi model exhibits rich non-equilibrium physics, including a dissipative phase transition from the normal phase to the superradiant phase. In this work, we investigate the stability of the superradiant phase in the presence of a weak spin relaxation. We find that even a weak spin relaxation can render the superradiant phase a superradiant metastable phase, in which symmetry-breaking states are stable only for a finite time. This arises because each spin jump induced by relaxation applies as a strong perturbation to the system, potentially driving the system from a symmetry-breaking state to the symmetry-preserving saddle point with finite probability, before it eventually relaxes back to a symmetry-breaking state. Such dynamical processes lead to a finite lifetime of the symmetry-breaking states and restore the symmetry in the steady state. To substantiate these results, we combine mean-field and cumulant expansion analyses with exact numerical simulations. The lifetimes of the symmetry-breaking states are analyzed in finite-size systems and the conclusions are extrapolated to the thermodynamic limit via finite-size scaling. Our findings establish the metastable nature of the symmetry-breaking states in the dissipative quantum Rabi model and reveal the complexity of the dissipative phase transition beyond their equilibrium counterpart. The mechanisms uncovered here can be generalized to a broad class of open quantum systems, highlighting fundamental distinctions between equilibrium phase transitions and steady-state phase transitions.