Lattice Menu: A Low-Error Gaze-Based Marking Menu Utilizing Target-Assisted Gaze Gestures on a Lattice of Visual Anchors

TL;DR

Lattice Menu is a gaze-based marking menu that uses visual anchors and target-assisted gestures to achieve low error rates and fast selection times, improving stability and reducing fatigue.

Contribution

It introduces a novel lattice of visual anchors combined with gaze gestures for accurate, low-error menu selection in gaze-based interfaces.

Findings

Error rate of ~1% for expert users

Selection time of 1.3-1.6 seconds

Fewer errors (~5 times) than traditional methods

Abstract

We present Lattice Menu, a gaze-based marking menu utilizing a lattice of visual anchors that helps perform accurate gaze pointing for menu item selection. Users who know the location of the desired item can leverage target-assisted gaze gestures for multilevel item selection by looking at visual anchors over the gaze trajectories. Our evaluation showed that Lattice Menu exhibits a considerably low error rate (~1%) and a quick menu selection time (1.3-1.6 s) for expert usage across various menu structures (4 x 4 x 4 and 6 x 6 x 6) and sizes (8, 10 and 12{\deg}). In comparison with a traditional gaze-based marking menu that does not utilize visual targets, Lattice Menu showed remarkably (~5 times) fewer menu selection errors for expert usage. In a post-interview, all 12 subjects preferred Lattice Menu, and most subjects (8 out of 12) commented that the provisioning of visual targets facilitated more stable menu selections with reduced eye fatigue.