Maximization of Supercapacitor Storage via Topology Optimization of Electrode Structures

TL;DR

This paper introduces a topology optimization model for supercapacitor electrodes to enhance energy storage capacity, employing advanced mathematical and numerical techniques to design porous structures with increased electrode-electrolyte interface.

Contribution

It presents a novel topology optimization framework for electrode design in supercapacitors, including theoretical existence proofs, sensitivity analysis, and a robust numerical solution scheme.

Findings

Optimized electrode structures with increased interface area.

The proposed model effectively enhances energy storage capacity.

Numerical experiments validate the robustness and effectiveness of the approach.

Abstract

As widely used electrochemical storage devices, supercapacitors deliver higher power density than batteries, but suffer from significantly lower energy density. In this work, we propose a topology optimization model for electrode structure to maximize energy storage in supercapacitors. The existence of minimizers to the resulting optimal control problem, which is constrained by a modified steady-state Poisson--Nernst--Planck system describing ionic electrodiffusion, has been theoretically established by using the direct method in the calculus of variation. Sensitivity analysis of the topology optimization model is performed to derive variational derivatives and corresponding adjoint equations. A gradient flow formulation discretized by a stabilized semi-implicit scheme is developed to solve the resulting topology optimization problem. Extensive numerical experiments present various porous electrode structures that own large area of electrode-electrolyte interface, demonstrating the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed topology optimization model and corresponding algorithm.