Exomoon search with VLTI/GRAVITY around the substellar companion HD 206893 B

TL;DR

This paper explores the first application of high-precision astrometry with VLTI/GRAVITY to search for exomoons around substellar companions, revealing tentative signals and demonstrating the technique's potential for future exomoon detection.

Contribution

It introduces a novel astrometric method for exomoon detection around substellar objects and assesses its feasibility with current instruments.

Findings

Tentative astrometric residuals suggest a possible exomoon candidate around HD 206893 B.

Spectroscopy confirms water presence but no CO in HD 206893 B.

Highlights potential of high-precision astrometry to detect low-mass exomoons.

Abstract

Direct astrometric detection of exomoons remains unexplored. This study presents the first application of high-precision astrometry to search for exomoons around substellar companions. We investigate whether the orbital motion of the companion HD 206893 B exhibits astrometric residuals consistent with the gravitational influence of an exomoon or binary planet. Using the VLTI/GRAVITY instrument, we monitored the astrometric positions of HD 206893 B and c across both short (days to months) and long (yearly) timescales. This enabled us to isolate potential residual wobbles in the motion of component B attributable to an orbiting moon. Our analysis reveals tentative astrometric residuals in the HD 206893 B orbit. If interpreted as an exomoon signature, these residuals correspond to a candidate (HD 206893 B I) with an orbital period of approximately 0.76 years and a mass of $\sim$0.4 Jupiter masses. However, the origin of these residuals remains ambiguous and could be due to systematics. Complementing the astrometry, our analysis of GRAVITY $R=4000$ spectroscopy for HD 206893 B confirms a clear detection of water, but no CO is found using cross-correlation. We also find that AF Lep b, and $\beta$ Pic b are the best short-term candidates to look for moons with GRAVITY+. Our observations demonstrate the transformative potential of high-precision astrometry in the search for exomoons, and proves the feasibility of the technique to detect moons with masses lower than Jupiter and potentially down to less than Neptune in optimistic cases. Crucially, further high-precision astrometric observations with VLTI/GRAVITY are essential to verify the reality and nature of this signal and attempt this technique on a variety of planetary systems.