Evolutionary Processes in the Centaur Region

TL;DR

This paper reviews the physical and dynamical processes influencing the evolution of Centaurs, a diverse and transient population in the giant-planet region, highlighting current knowledge gaps and future observational prospects.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive synthesis of the mechanisms driving Centaur evolution and identifies key gaps in understanding, guiding future research directions.

Findings

Centaurs originate from various trans-Neptunian sources.

Thermal, collisional, and tidal processes affect Centaur evolution.

Significant gaps remain in understanding Centaur physical changes.

Abstract

Centaurs populate relatively short-lived and rapidly evolving orbits in the giant-planet region and are believed to be one of the solar system's most complex and diverse populations. Most Centaurs are linked to origins in the dynamically excited component of the trans-Neptunian region, and are often considered an intermediate phase in the evolution of Jupiter-family comets (JFCs). Additionally, the Centaur region hosts objects from varied source populations and having different dynamical histories. In this chapter, we focus on the physical processes responsible for the evolution of this heterogeneous population in the giant-planet region. The chapter begins with a brief review on the origin and early evolution that determine Centaurs' properties prior to entering the giant-planet region. Next, we discuss the thermal, collisional, and tidal processes believed to drive the changes Centaurs undergo. We provide a comprehensive review of the evidence for evolutionary changes derived from studies of the activity, physical properties, and surface characteristics of Centaurs and related populations, such as trans-Neptunian objects, JFCs, and Trojans. This chapter reveals a multitude of gaps in the current understanding of the evolution mechanisms acting in the giant-planet region. In light of these open questions, we conclude with an outlook on future telescope and spacecraft observations, detailing how they are expected to elucidate Centaur evolution processes.