Frequency-Invariant Beamforming in Elevation and Azimuth via Autograd and Concentric Circular Microphone Arrays

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel frequency-invariant beamforming method using autograd with concentric circular microphone arrays, enabling precise dual-axis control for spatial audio applications across a wide frequency range.

Contribution

The study integrates autograd with concentric circular arrays to impose beamwidth and frequency invariance constraints, allowing continuous optimization over azimuth and elevation angles.

Findings

Achieves superior spatial selectivity and narrower mainlobes.

Maintains performance across a wide frequency range.

Outperforms standard and advanced beamformers in simulations.

Abstract

The use of planar and concentric circular microphone arrays in beamforming has gained attention due to their ability to optimize both azimuth and elevation angles, making them ideal for spatial audio tasks like sound source localization and noise suppression. Unlike linear arrays, which restrict steering to a single axis, 2D arrays offer dual-axis optimization, although elevation control remains challenging. This study explores the integration of autograd, an automatic differentiation tool, with concentric circular arrays to impose beamwidth and frequency invariance constraints. This enables continuous optimization over both angles while maintaining performance across a wide frequency range. We evaluate our method through simulations of beamwidth, white noise gain, and directivity across multiple frequencies. A comparative analysis is presented against standard and advanced beamformers, including delay-and-sum, modified delay-and-sum, a Jacobi-Anger expansion-based method, and a Gaussian window-based gradient descent approach. Our method achieves superior spatial selectivity and narrower mainlobes, particularly in the elevation axis at lower frequencies. These results underscore the effectiveness of our approach in enhancing beamforming performance for acoustic sensing and spatial audio applications requiring precise dual-axis control.