Higher order Hirota bilinear forms

TL;DR

This paper investigates Hirota bilinear forms, establishing conditions for multi-soliton solutions, deriving specific nonlinear PDEs, and exploring solution types for various differential operator configurations.

Contribution

It provides new criteria for the existence of three- and four-soliton solutions in Hirota bilinear equations with specific operator structures.

Findings

Three-soliton solutions exist under specific parity conditions of operator exponents.

Explicit nonlinear PDEs are derived for certain operator degrees.

Conditions for four-soliton solutions are conjectured based on operator parameters.

Abstract

In this paper we study Hirota bilinear forms of the type $P(D) \{f\cdot f\}=0$. We prove that for $P(D)=D_x^mD_y^rD_t^n$ the equations have three-soliton solutions if only if two of nonzero $m,n,p$ are odd and the other one even. We explicitly derive the nonlinear partial differential equations corresponding to this form for $m+n+p=4$ and $m+n+p=6$. We show that the equations for $P(D)=D_x(D_x^3+\alpha_1 D_t+\alpha_2 D_y)^{2k+1}$ possess three-soliton solutions for any constants $(\alpha_1,\alpha_2)\neq (0,0)$ and $k\in \mathbb{N}$. We conjecture that these equations have four-soliton solution only for $k=0$. Finally, we consider the equations for $P(D)=D_x^{m_1}D_y^{m_2}D_t^{m_3}D_z^{m_4}$. We prove that these equations have three-soliton solutions if only if one of $m_i=1$, and all the other $m_i$'s are odd for $i=1,2,3,4$. We observe that the monomials $D_x^mD_y^rD_t^n$ and $D_x^{m_1}D_y^{m_2}D_t^{m_3}D_z^{m_4}$ do not result genuine four-soliton solutions. In addition, we obtain three-soliton, lump, and hybrid solutions of these three type of equations for particular powers of the Hirota $D$-operators.