TRIDENT: A Trimodal Cascade Generative Framework for Drug and RNA-Conditioned Cellular Morphology Synthesis

TL;DR

TRIDENT is a novel cascade generative framework that synthesizes realistic cellular morphology conditioned on both perturbations and gene expression profiles, advancing in silico modeling of cellular responses.

Contribution

It introduces TRIDENT, the first model to explicitly incorporate RNA-to-morphology causal links, and constructs MorphoGene dataset for training and evaluation.

Findings

Achieves up to 7-fold improvement over state-of-the-art methods.

Successfully generalizes to unseen compounds.

Validates RNA-guided synthesis with case study on docetaxel.

Abstract

Accurately modeling the relationship between perturbations, transcriptional responses, and phenotypic changes is essential for building an AI Virtual Cell (AIVC). However, existing methods typically constrained to modeling direct associations, such as Perturbation $\rightarrow$ RNA or Perturbation $\rightarrow$ Morphology, overlook the crucial causal link from RNA to morphology. To bridge this gap, we propose TRIDENT, a cascade generative framework that synthesizes realistic cellular morphology by conditioning on both the perturbation and the corresponding gene expression profile. To train and evaluate this task, we construct MorphoGene, a new dataset pairing L1000 gene expression with Cell Painting images for 98 compounds. TRIDENT significantly outperforms state-of-the-art approaches, achieving up to 7-fold improvement with strong generalization to unseen compounds. In a case study on docetaxel, we validate that RNA-guided synthesis accurately produces the corresponding phenotype. An ablation study further confirms that this RNA conditioning is essential for the model's high fidelity. By explicitly modeling transcriptome-phenome mapping, TRIDENT provides a powerful in silico tool and moves us closer to a predictive virtual cell.