$\mathtt{Entity}$ -- Hardware-agnostic Particle-in-Cell Code for Plasma Astrophysics. II: General Relativistic Module

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new general-relativistic module for the Entity particle-in-cell code, enabling efficient, coordinate-agnostic simulations of collisionless plasmas around black holes on diverse high-performance computing platforms.

Contribution

The paper presents the first open-source, performance-portable, general-relativistic particle-in-cell module integrated into the Entity code, supporting axisymmetric simulations in strong gravitational fields.

Findings

Enables fast simulations of collisionless plasmas near black holes.

Supports both GPU and CPU architectures for high performance.

First open-source implementation of its kind.

Abstract

Black hole environments often host plasmas that are fully collisionless or contain intrinsically collisionless regions, including relativistic jets and coronae where particle energization is ubiquitous. Capturing the physics of these systems requires numerical methods capable of modeling relativistic, magnetized, collisionless plasmas in strong gravitational fields. In this work, we introduce the general-relativistic module for the Entity -- the first open-source, coordinate-agnostic performance-portable particle-in-cell code. The code enables fast axisymmetric simulations of collisionless plasmas around black holes on any modern high-performance computing architecture (both GPUs and CPUs).