MARL-CC: A Mathematical Framework forMulti-Agent Reinforcement Learning in ConnectedAutonomous Vehicles: Addressing Nonlinearity,Partial Observability, and Credit Assignment forOptimal Control

TL;DR

This paper introduces MARL-CC, a comprehensive mathematical framework for multi-agent reinforcement learning in connected autonomous vehicles, addressing key challenges like nonlinearity, partial observability, and credit assignment to improve stability and cooperation.

Contribution

The paper presents MARL-CC, a novel unified framework integrating control theory, Bayesian inference, and credit assignment, with proven convergence and stability guarantees for multi-agent systems.

Findings

Up to 40% faster convergence compared to baselines

Enhanced cooperative efficiency in simulations and real-world tests

Robustness to stochastic disturbances and communication delays

Abstract

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has emerged as a powerfulparadigm for cooperative decision-making in connected autonomous vehicles(CAVs); however, existing approaches often fail to guarantee stability, optimality,and interpretability in systems characterized by nonlinear dynamics,partial observability, and complex inter-agent coupling. This study addressesthese foundational challenges by introducing MARL-CC, a unified MathematicalFramework for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning with Control Coordination.The proposed framework integrates differential geometric control, Bayesian inference,and Shapley-value-based credit assignment within a coherent optimizationarchitecture, ensuring bounded policy updates, decentralized belief estimation,and equitable reward distribution. Theoretical analyses establish convergence andstability guarantees under stochastic disturbances and communication delays.Empirical evaluations across simulation and real-world testbeds demonstrate upto a 40% improvement in convergence rate and enhanced cooperative efficiencyover leading baselines, including PPO, DDPG, and QMIX.These results signify a decisive advance in control-oriented reinforcement learning,bridging the gap between mathematical rigor and practical autonomy.The MARL-CC framework provides a scalable foundation for intelligent transportation,UAV coordination, and distributed robotics, paving the way toward interpretable, safe, and adaptive multi-agent systems. All codes and experimentalconfigurations are publicly available on GitHub to support reproducibilityand future research.