FireScope: Wildfire Risk Raster Prediction with a Chain-of-Thought Oracle

TL;DR

FireScope introduces a reasoning-based framework and benchmark dataset for wildfire risk prediction that enhances generalization and interpretability across continents using multimodal data.

Contribution

It is the first to demonstrate language-based reasoning improves visual risk prediction and provides a cross-continental wildfire risk model with a new benchmark dataset.

Findings

FireScope achieves significant performance gains in cross-continental wildfire risk prediction.

Reasoning traces are faithful and semantically meaningful, confirmed by expert feedback.

The framework improves model generalization and interpretability in spatial risk modeling.

Abstract

Predicting wildfire risk is a reasoning-intensive spatial problem that requires the integration of visual, climatic, and geographic factors to infer continuous risk maps. Existing methods lack the causal reasoning and multimodal understanding required for reliable generalization. We introduce FireScope-Bench, a large-scale dataset and benchmark that couples Sentinel-2 imagery and climate data with expert-defined risk rasters across the USA, and real wildfire events in Europe for cross-continental evaluation. Building on this dataset, we propose FireScope, a VLM-based reasoning-to-generation framework that learns from both reinforcement learning and visual supervision to predict risk rasters with complementary reasoning traces. When trained in the USA and tested in Europe, FireScope achieves substantial performance gains, while expert feedback and automated analysis confirm that its reasoning traces are faithful and semantically meaningful. Our findings demonstrate that reasoning can ground raster prediction models, improving both generalization and interpretability. To our knowledge, this is the first framework to (1) demonstrate that language-based reasoning can improve generalization in visual generation, (2) propose a high-resolution wildfire risk model that can be applied across continents, and (3) enable systematic studies of robust cross-continental generalization for multimodal fire risk models. We believe that FireScope-Bench has the potential to serve as a foundation for advancing reasoning-driven, interpretable and generalizable spatial modeling. Data and source code will be made publicly available.