The seeding method: A test case for classical nucleation theory in small systems

TL;DR

This study uses the seeding method in molecular dynamics to test classical nucleation theory in small systems, finding good agreement with predictions and highlighting the method's effectiveness across various thermodynamic models.

Contribution

It demonstrates the effectiveness of the seeding method in small systems for testing classical nucleation theory against multiple thermodynamic models.

Findings

CNT accurately predicts stable cluster radii across conditions.

Ideal gas approximation is surprisingly effective for initialization.

Good agreement between CNT predictions and simulation results.

Abstract

Molecular dynamics simulations are widely used to investigate nucleation in first-order phase transitions. Brute-force simulations, though popular, are limited to conditions of high metastability, where the critical cluster and the nucleation barrier are small. The seeding method has recently emerged as a powerful alternative for exploring lower supersaturation regimes by initiating simulations with a pre-formed nucleus. In confined systems (NVT ensemble), the seeded simulations are particularly effective for determining stable cluster properties and provide a stringent test case for classical nucleation theory (CNT). In this work, we perform NVT seeded simulations of Lennard-Jones condensation in small systems and compare them with CNT predictions based on several thermodynamic models, including equations of state, perturbation theory, and ideal gas approximation. We find that CNT accurately predicts stable cluster radii across a wide range of conditions. Notably, even the very simple ideal gas approximation proves useful for initializing seeded simulations. Furthermore, seeded simulation results correspond to the critical cluster radii of infinite systems: CNT predictions with good equations of state show very good agreement with simulations, while the perturbation theory and the ideal gas approximation perform well at low temperatures but deviate significantly at high temperatures.