A Butterfly's Eye Camera for Intensity Interferometry with Cherenkov Telescopes

TL;DR

This paper introduces the Butterfly's Eye camera design for Cherenkov telescopes, significantly enhancing their sensitivity for optical intensity interferometry and enabling high-resolution imaging of stellar surfaces and astrophysical phenomena.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel implementation of the I3T concept, improving sensitivity and imaging capabilities of IACT-based interferometers through segmented mirror focusing and advanced photodetectors.

Findings

Sensitivity increased by a factor of 4 to 6.

Enables imaging of stellar surfaces at 2-40 milliarcseconds.

Potential to study nova ejecta and stellar oblateness.

Abstract

In recent years, imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) have emerged as promising platforms for optical interferometry through the use of intensity interferometry. IACTs combine large segmented mirrors, photodetectors with nanosecond-scale time response capable of detecting signals from just a few photo-electrons, and array configurations with baselines of hundreds of meters. As a result, all major IACT facilities have now been upgraded to function also as optical intensity interferometers, achieving sensitivities an order of magnitude better than their predecessor, the Narrabri Stellar Intensity Interferometer. However, further improvements in sensitivity are currently limited by key IACT design constraints, namely the combination of poor optical quality and small focal ratios. Here we present three practical implementations of the "I3T concept", in which segments of the IACT primary mirror are focused onto different pixels of its camera. This approach yields several unexpected but significant advantages. Optics with larger focal ratios allow to integrate narrow-band optical filters, while lower photon fluxes enable to deploy next-generation photodetectors operating in photon-counting mode. We demonstrate that this so-called "Butterfly's Eye" configuration enhances the sensitivity of IACT-based intensity interferometers by a factor between 4 and 6. Moreover, as originally envisioned, the I3T design introduces imaging capabilities on angular scales from 2 to 40 milliarcseconds, unlocking new scientific opportunities such as direct surface imaging of nearby red giants. Besides, realistic simulations show that it can have a transformative impact on at least two key science cases: imaging the earliest stages of nova ejecta, and measuring the oblateness and circumstellar disks of fast-rotating stars.