ATLAS: Efficient Atom Rearrangement for Defect-Free Neutral-Atom Quantum Arrays Under Transport Loss

TL;DR

ATLAS is a novel algorithm that efficiently rearranges atoms in optical lattices to create defect-free quantum arrays, accounting for physical constraints and atom loss, thereby enabling scalable neutral-atom quantum computing.

Contribution

The paper introduces ATLAS, an open-source, loss-aware atom transport algorithm that improves scalability and robustness in creating defect-free neutral-atom arrays.

Findings

Achieves over 99% fill rate within six iterations

Maintains over 90% atom retention at low loss rates

Outperforms prior methods in scalability and robustness

Abstract

Neutral-atom quantum computers encode qubits in individually trapped atoms arranged in optical lattices. Achieving defect-free atom configurations is essential for high-fidelity quantum gates and scalable error correction, yet stochastic loading and atom loss during rearrangement hinder reliable large-scale assembly. This work presents ATLAS, an open-source atom transport algorithm that efficiently converts a randomly loaded $W \times W$ lattice into a defect-free $L \times L$ subarray while accounting for realistic physical constraints, including finite acceleration, transfer time, and per-move loss probability. In the planning phase, optimal batches of parallel moves are computed on a lossless virtual array; during execution, these moves are replayed under probabilistic atom loss to maximize the expected number of retained atoms. Monte Carlo simulations across lattice sizes $W=10$--$100$, loading probabilities $p_{\mathrm{occ}}=0.5$--$0.9$, and loss rates $p_{\mathrm{loss}}=0$--$0.05$ demonstrate fill rates above $99\%$ within six iterations and over $90\%$ atom retention at low loss. The algorithm achieves sublinear move scaling ($\propto M^{0.55}$) and linear growth of required initial size with target dimension, outperforming prior methods in robustness and scalability -- offering a practical path toward larger neutral-atom quantum arrays.