An $L^2$-quantitative global approximation for the Stokes initial-boundary value problem

TL;DR

This paper proves the first explicit $L^2$-estimate quantitative approximation theorem for the 3D nonstationary Stokes system, extending previous qualitative results to initial-boundary value problems using modern analytical techniques.

Contribution

It provides the first explicit $L^2$-quantitative Runge approximation for the Stokes system, removing non-constructive methods and extending to boundary value problems.

Findings

Established explicit $L^2$-estimates for the approximation theorem

Extended the approximation theory to initial-boundary value problems

Combined semigroup theory with resolvent problem approximation

Abstract

We establish the first quantitative Runge approximation theorem, with explicit $L^2$-estimates, for the 3d nonstationary Stokes system on a bounded spatial domain. This result addresses the two primary limitations of the qualitative result [H.-Sueur, 2025] obtained in collaboration with Franck Sueur: first, it bypasses the non-constructive Hahn-Banach theorem used in [H.-Sueur, 2025], precluding quantitative estimates; and second, it extends the scope of the theory from interior approximations to the physically important initial-boundary value problem. Our proof is founded on the modern quantitative framework of [R\"{u}land-Salo, 2019], which we adapt to the Stokes system by combining semigroup theory with a quantitative approximation for the associated resolvent problem.