Intersection of curves in projective 4 space

TL;DR

This paper investigates the maximum intersection points of two algebraic curves in projective 4-space, extending known results from lower dimensions and introducing new bounds and conjectures based on the curves' properties.

Contribution

It introduces a new bound B for intersection points when curves lie on minimal degree surfaces in 4-space and proves the conjecture in cases including when one curve is ACM.

Findings

Bound B is established for curves on cubic surfaces in 4-space.

Conjecture that B always bounds the intersection points is proven in many cases.

A second bound B' based on genus and degree is also introduced and compared.

Abstract

Given two distinct reduced, irreducible curves of given degrees, contained in projective space but whose union is not contained in a hyperplane, what is the largest number of points of intersection they can have? When the projective space is the plane, this is trivial. For projective 3 space this problem was solved independently by Diaz and by Giuffrida in 1986. They showed that two curves achieving the maximum number of intersection points have to be rational curves on a smooth surface of minimal degree, i.e., a quadric surface. Note that these curves are far from being arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay. In contrast, Hartshorne and Mir\'o-Roig addressed this problem in 2015 for space curves under the assumption that the curves are arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay (ACM), introducing very deep techniques and obtaining very different results from Diaz and Giuffrida. Diaz and Giuffrida also gave initial results in dimensions greater than 3. Here we continue this study for dimension 4. We introduce a number B defined in terms of the degrees of the curves and prove that when both curves lie on a surface of minimal degree (thus a cubic surface) then the number of points of intersection is at most B. Moreover, we conjecture that B is always an upper bound and we prove this conjecture in many cases, including when at least one of the curves is ACM. Our approach focuses on the genera of the curves and their union. In addition we define a second number B' in terms of the degrees and the genus of the union which we can show bounds the number of points of intersection above, and we use a variety of methods to study how B and B' compare.