21 cm Cosmology Sensitivity to Small-Scale Structure: Warm vs Neutrino-Interacting Dark Matter

TL;DR

This paper investigates how 21 cm cosmology can differentiate between warm dark matter and neutrino-interacting dark matter, forecasting detection capabilities of future radio telescopes like HERA for small-scale structure effects.

Contribution

It introduces a mapping between WDM and neutrino-DM interaction models, and forecasts HERA's sensitivity to distinguish or rule out these dark matter scenarios.

Findings

HERA can probe neutrino-DM interaction cross sections down to 3×10⁻³⁵ cm².

HERA cannot distinguish between neutrino-DM and warm dark matter.

Detection of neutrino-DM interactions corresponds to WDM masses up to 9 keV.

Abstract

The $21\,$cm signal originating from Cosmic Dawn to the Epoch of Reionisation is highly sensitive to the processes governing star formation in the early universe as well as new physics. In this work, we focus on the imprint of non-cold dark matter (DM), which impacts the formation of the smallest halos. Our goal in particular is to clarify whether near-future radio telescopes such as the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionisation Array (HERA), will be able to distinguish between free-streaming dark matter, specifically in the form of thermal warm DM (WDM), and collisional damping due to neutrino-DM ($\nu$DM) interactions giving rise to larger overdensities on small scales. For that purpose we first implement a mapping between the two models in terms of a cutoff scale and determine detection thresholds for the two DM models. Using Fisher matrix forecasts, we show that $\nu$DM interaction strengths down to $\sigma_{\nu{\rm DM}}\sim 3\times10^{-35}$ cm$^2$ could be probed by $21\,$cm cosmology when considering two populations of galaxies for a GeV mass DM. This would allow to either confirm or rule out a recent claimed preference for a non-zero $\nu$DM interaction in Lyman-$\alpha$ data. Furthermore, we find that HERA will not be able to distinguish between $\nu$DM and WDM. In the latter context, the threshold for detection of $\nu$DM interactions translates into WDM with mass up to $m_{\rm WDM}\sim 9$ keV that could be detected by HERA.